History of Indonesia

History of Indonesia covers a very long time span, which began in prehistoric times by the discovery of "Java Man", which was 1.7 million years ago. The period of the history of Indonesia can be divided into five era:

1. Pre-colonial era, the emergence of the kingdoms of the Hindu-Buddhism and Islam in Java and Sumatra, which mainly relies on trade.
2. Colonial Era, the entry of the Europeans (especially the Netherlands) who wants the spice lead to colonization by the Dutch for about 3.5 centuries between the beginning of the 17th century until the mid-20th century.
3. Early Independence era, the post-Independence Indonesia (1945) until the fall of Sukarno (1966).
4. New Order era, the 32-year reign of former President Suharto (1966-1998).
5. and the Reform Era that lasted until now.
Prehistoric

Geologically, the territory of modern Indonesia (for convenience, hereinafter called the Nusantara) is a meeting between the three major continental plates: the Eurasian Plate, Indo-Australian Plate and Pacific Plate. The Indonesian archipelago, such as existing at the time of melting of ice formed after the end of the Ice Age, only 10,000 years ago.
In the Pleistocene, when still connected to the Asian mainland, enter the first settlers. The first evidence that shows the first occupants are Homo erectus fossils from Java man the 2 million to 500,000 years ago. The discovery of the remains "Flores man" (Homo floresiensis) in Liang Bua, Flores, opening the possibility is still survival of H. erectus until the last Ice Age.
Homo sapiens first entered the archipelago from the estimated 100,000 years ago through the coastline of Asia from West Asia, and in about 50,000 years ago has reached New Guinea and Australia. Those, who characterized racial curly-haired, dark-skinned and meetings (Negroid), being a native ancestor Melanesia (including Papua) now and bring culture oval axes (Paleolitikum). A wave of Austronesian-speaking immigrants with Neolithic cultures to come in waves since 3000 BC from South China through Formosa and the Philippines to bring culture square shaft (Dong Son culture). This migration process is part of the occupation of the Pacific. The arrival of waves of Mongoloid population is characterized by tending toward the west, urged residents to the east early or spouse mix with the locals and the physical characteristics of the population of Maluku and Nusa Tenggara. These newcomers brought with agricultural techniques, including rice cultivation in paddy fields (at the latest evidence since the 8th century BC), raising water buffalo, bronze and iron processing, weaving techniques, practices megaliths, and the worship of the spirits ( animism) and sacred objects (dynamism). In the first century BC had established settlements and small kingdoms, and it may have entered the influence of trust from India due to trade relations.
Pre-colonial era

Early history

Indian scholars have written about Dwipantara or Dwipa Javanese Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. Initial physical evidence that the date is from the 5th century the two kingdoms patterned Hinduism: Kingdom of West Java Tarumanagara master and the Kingdom of Kutai in coastal Mahakam River, Kalimantan. In 425 Buddhism reached the area.
When Europe entered the Renaissance, the archipelago has had inherited thousands of years old civilizations with the two great kingdoms of Sriwijaya in Sumatra and Majapahit in Java, plus dozens of small kingdoms which often becomes a more powerful neighbor vazal or connected to each other in a kind of bond trading ( such as in Maluku).

In the 4th century until the 7th century in the region of West Java, there are Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that is patterned Tarumanagara kingdom, followed by the Sundanese kingdom until the 16th century. During the 7th century until the 14th century, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya in Sumatra growing rapidly. Explorers Chinese I Ching visited the capital of Palembang around the year 670. At the height of glory, the Srivijaya controlled as far as West Java and the Malay Peninsula. The 14th century also witnessed the rise of a Hindu kingdom in East Java, Majapahit. Majapahit Patih between the years 1331 to 1364, Gajah Mada managed to obtain power over the territory that is now mostly Indonesia and almost all the Malay Peninsula. The legacy of the Gajah Mada, including codification of law and in Javanese culture, as seen in the epic Ramayana.

Islam as a government presence in Indonesia around the 12th century, but in fact Islam has already arrived in Indonesia in the 7th century AD. It was already a busy shipping lane and become international through the Malacca Strait that connects the Tang Dynasty in China, the Srivijaya in Southeast Asia and the Umayyads in West Asia since the 7th century. [4]
According to Chinese sources by the end of the third quarter of 7th century, became the leader of an Arab merchant Muslim Arab settlements on the coast of Sumatra. Islam also gives effect to the existing political institutions. This is apparent in the year 100 H (718 AD) King of Srivijaya Jambi named Srindravarman send a letter to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate request sent preachers who could explain Islam to him. The letter reads: "From the King in the King who is the descendant of a thousand kings, whose wife was also grandson of a thousand kings, who in the animal cages are a thousand elephants, whose territory there are two rivers that irrigate the tree aloes, spices fragrance, nutmeg and lime lines that fragrant smell to reach out to a distance of 12 miles, to the Arab King who does not associate other gods with Allah. I have sent you a gift, which is actually a gift that is not so much, but just a sign of friendship. I want you to send me someone who can teach Islam to me and explain to me about its laws. "Two years later, the year 720 AD, King Srindravarman, which was originally Hindu, converted to Islam. Sriwijaya Jambi also known as the 'Sribuza Islam'. Unfortunately, in 730 AD captured by Jambi Sriwijaya Sriwijaya Palembang who still adhered to Buddhism. [5]
Islam continues to mengokoh become a political institution who carry Islam. For example, an Islamic sultanate called the Sultanate of Peureulak established on 1 Muharram 225 H or 12 November 839 AD Another example is the kingdom of Ternate. Islam arrived in this kingdom in the Maluku islands in 1440. Its king, a Muslim named Bayanullah.
Islamic Sultanate then semikin spread his teachings to the people and through assimilation, replaced Hinduism as the main trust at the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Only Bali that still retain the majority Hindus. On the islands in the east, Churchman-known Christian and Muslim clergy has been active in the 16th century and 17, and currently there are a large majority of both religions on these islands.
The spread of Islam through trade relations outside the archipelago; this case, because the spreading propaganda or mubaligh an emissary of the Islamic government that came from outside Indonesia, then to feed themselves and their families, the mubaligh this work through how to trade, the spread even this mubaligh Islam to the traders from the natives, until the merchants are embracing Islam and also transmit to other people, because most traders and experts was the first kingdom to adopt the new religion. Important Islamic Kingdom including: Royal Ocean Pasai, Sultanate of Banten, which establish diplomatic relations with European countries, the Kingdom of Mataram, and the Sultanate of Ternate in the Moluccas and the Sultanate Tidore.
Colonial Era

Afonso (sometimes also written Alfonso) de Albuquerque. Because this figure, which makes the area then known archipelago by the Europeans and the beginning of centuries of colonization by the Portuguese along with other European nations, especially Britain and the Netherlands.

From the Tagus River which empties into the Atlantic Ocean that's Portuguese fleet sailed the Atlantic Ocean, may take a month to three months, past the Cape of Good Hope of Africa, towards the Straits of Malacca. From here proceed to the Moluccas exploration to find spices, gold equivalent commodity at the time.

"In the 16th century when the adventure begins usually sailors Catholic country was blessed by the priest and the king before sailing through the River Tagus," said Teresa. Monastery of St. Jeronimus or Dos Monastery of Jeronimos Monastery in Portuguese was founded by King Manuel in 1502 in place when Vasco da Gama started the adventure to the east.

Maritime Museum or the Portuguese called the Museu de Marinha was founded by King Luis on July 22, 1863 to honor the Portuguese maritime history.

In addition to the statue in the park, painting of Afonso de Albuquerque is also a collection of the museum. Under the painting it says, "Governor of India 1509-1515. The foundation stone of the Portuguese Empire in India, based in Ormuz, Goa, and Malacca. Pioneer of sea power policy as a central force of the kingdom ". Various Portuguese trade goods also exhibited at the museum, even a mound of pepper or pepper.

There are several motivations why the Kingdom of Portugal started the adventure to the east. Islamic historians and archaeologists in the book Uka Tjandrasasmita Indonesia-Portugal: Five Hundred Years of Historical Relationship (Cepesa, 2002), quoting some historians, did not mention there is only one motivation Portuguese kingdom come to Asia. Expansion may be summarized in three words Portuguese language, namely feitoria, Fortaleza, and igreja. Its literal meaning is gold, glory, and churches or trade, military domination, and the spread of Catholicism.

According Uka, Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor of the Estado da India Second, the Portuguese Empire in Asia, is the main architect of the Portuguese expansion into Asia. From Goa, he led an expedition to Malacca immediately and arrived there early in July 1511 brought 15 large and small ships and 600 soldiers. He and his troops defeated the Malacca August 10, 1511. Since then the Portuguese controlled the spice trade from Asia to Europe. After mastering Malacca, Portuguese expedition led by Antonio de Abreu reached the Moluccas, the spice center.

Period 1511-1526, for 15 years, the archipelago became an important maritime port for the Kingdom of Portugal, which regularly become a maritime route to the island of Sumatra, Java, Banda, and Maluku.
In 1511 the Portuguese defeated the kingdom of Malacca.

In the Portuguese in 1512 to establish communication with the Kingdom of Sunda to sign trade agreements, especially pepper. Trade agreement is then manifested on August 21, 1522 in the form of contract documents created duplicate, one copy to the king of Sunda and one for the king of Portugal. On the same day built a monument called the Sunda-Portugal Agreement Inscription in a place that is now the corner of Clove Road and East First Street Kali Besar, West Jakarta. With this agreement, the Portuguese allowed to build a warehouse or a fort at Sunda Kelapa.

In the year 1512 also Afonso de Albuquerque send Albreu Antonio and Francisco Serrão to lead the fleet to find a way to place of origin of spices in the Moluccas. Along the way, they stopped at Madura, Bali and Lombok. By using a master-master Java, the fleet arrived in Banda Islands, continue heading North until arriving at Ternate.

Portuguese presence in the waters and islands of Indonesia that has left traces of history that to this day is still maintained by local communities in the archipelago, particularly Flores, Solor and Maluku, Jakarta Kampong monument located in the eastern part of Jakarta, between Kali Cakung, Cilincing beach and soil Marunda.

Europeans first discovered the Moluccas is Portuguese, in the year 1512. At that time, two Portuguese fleet, each under the leadership of Anthony d'Abreu and Francisco Serau, landed in Banda Islands and Turtle Island. Once they make friends with residents and local kings - such as with Kingdom of Ternate on the island of Ternate, the Portuguese were given permission to establish a stronghold in Pikaoli, nor may the State Hitu old, and Mamala Ambon.Namun Island spice trade relations did not last long , because the Portuguese introduced a system of monopoly and also to spread Christianity. One of his famous missionary Francis Xavier. Arriving in Ambon 14 February 1546, then traveled to Ternate, arrived in 1547, and tirelessly visiting the islands in the Maluku Islands to make the spread of religion. Portuguese Friendship and Ternate ended in 1570. Warfare with the Sultan Babullah for 5 years (1570-1575), allowed the Portuguese had to leave from and expelled into Tidore Ternate and Ambon.

Maluku people's resistance against the Portuguese, the Dutch used to set foot in the Moluccas. In 1605, the Dutch managed to force the Portuguese to give up its defenses in Ambon to Steven van der Hagen and the Tidore to Sebastiansz Cornelisz. Similarly, the British fort at Kambelo, Seram Island, destroyed by the Dutch. Since then the Dutch managed to control large parts of Maluku. The position of the Dutch in the Moluccas strengthened with the establishment of the VOC in 1602, and since then the Dutch became the sole ruler in the Moluccas. Under the leadership of Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Chief Operating VOC, clove trade in the Moluccas sepunuh under the control of VOC for nearly 350 years. For this purpose the VOC did not hesitate to drive out competitors, Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Even tens of thousands of people become victims of brutality VOC Maluku.

then they built a fort at Ternate in 1511, then in 1512 built the Citadel in Amurang North Sulawesi. Portuguese lost the war with Spain, the north Sulawesi area submitted in the Spanish rule (1560 to 1660). Portuguese kingdom later united with the Kingdom of Spain. (Read the book: Portuguese Colonial History in Indonesia, by David DS Lumoindong). 17th-century merchant fleet came VOC (Dutch), who later managed to expel the Portuguese from Ternate, which then backwards and mastering Portuguese East Timor (since 1515).

Colonialism and Imperialism began spreading in Indonesia around the 15th century, which begins with the landing of the Portuguese in Malacca and the Dutch-led Cornelis de Houtmen in 1596, to seek the source of spices and trade.

The arrival of the Portuguese to the Malay Peninsula and the Maluku Islands is an order from his country to trade.

In 1511, the Portuguese fleet led by Albuquerque to attack the kingdom of Malacca. To attack the colonial Portuguese in Malacca which occurred in 1513 have failed because the power of Portuguese and more powerful weapons. In 1527, the fleet Demak under the leadership of Falatehan can master Banten, Suda Palm, and Cirebon. Portuguese fleet to be destroyed by Falatehan and he later renamed Sunda Kelapa to Jayakarta (Jakarta)

Beginning in 1554 until the year 1555, the Portuguese efforts failed because the Portuguese received stiff resistance from the people of Aceh. At the time of Sultan Iskandar Muda in power, the Kingdom of Aceh was attacked the Portuguese in Malacca in 1615 and 1629.

The Portuguese first landed in Maluku in 1511. The next Portuguese arrival in 1513. However, Tertnate feel aggrieved by the Portuguese because of their greed to obtain monopoly profits through the efforts of the spice trade.

In 1533, the Sultan of Ternate appeal to all the people of Maluku to expel the Portuguese in the Moluccas. In 1570, the people of Ternate, which was led by Sultan Hairun to re-take the fight against the Portuguese, but can be tricked by the Portuguese and eventually murdered in the Fort Duurstede. Furthermore, led by Sultan Baabullah in the year 1574. Portuguese expelled who then lived on the island of Timor.

Fernando Magelhans (sometimes also written Ferdinand) Magelan. Because of this character, who led the first fleet to circumnavigate the world and prove that the earth is round, when it was known by Europeans of the earth was flat. Commencement of colonization for centuries by Spain with other European nations, especially the Portuguese, British and Dutch.

From Spain to the Pacific Ocean that's Portuguese fleet sailed the Pacific Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope of Africa, towards the Straits of Malacca. From here proceed to the Moluccas exploration to find spices, gold equivalent commodity at the time.

"In the 16th century when the adventure begins usually sailors Catholic country was blessed by the priest and the king before sailing through the ocean.

On September 20, 1519, San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria, and Santiago, the biggest to the smallest-follow the mother ship Magellan, Trinidad, the second largest ship, as they set sail for South America. On 13 December, they reached Brazil, and Pao de Açúcar staring, or Sugarloaf Mountain, which is impressive, they entered the bay of Rio de Janeiro is wonderful for repairs and provisions. Then they went south into what is now Argentina, always searching for el paso, the elusive path to the other oceans. Meanwhile, the days get colder and icebergs appear. Finally, on March 31, 1520, Magellan decided to spend the winter in a cold harbor of San Julián.

Sailing has now take six times longer than Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic Ocean for the first time, and have not seen any of the strait! Their morale began as cold weather in San Julián, and the men, including several captains and officers, get frustrated and want to go home. It's no surprise when mutiny erupts. However, thanks to a quick and decisive action on the part of Magellan, it was foiled and the two leaders are killed.

The presence of foreign vessels in the harbor must have attracted a strong local-and large-bodied. Feeling like a dwarf compared to these giants, the visitors Patagonia call that land from a Spanish word meaning "big feet"-to this day. They also observe 'sea wolves of the calf, as well as black and white geese that swim underwater, eat fish, and has a beak like a crow'. Of course, none other than not it seals and penguins!

Polar latitudes are prone to violent storms suddenly, and before winter is over, the fleet was experiencing his first victim of small-Santiago. However, fortunately the crew can be rescued from the sinking ship that. After that, the four surviving ship, like a little winged moths that hit in the middle of the frozen ocean currents and never let up, fight tooth and nail head south to colder waters, until October 21. Sailing under the pouring rain that freezes, all eyes glued to a crack in the west. El paso? Yes! Finally, they turned and entered the strait later known as the Strait of Magellan! However, even this moment of triumph is tarnished. San Antonio deliberately disappear in the maze of straits and return to Spain.

The three ships which still survive, diimpit by a narrow gulf between snow-covered cliffs, with persistent sailed through the winding strait that. Brand watched so many fires in the south, possibly from Indian camps, so they call that land Tierra del Fuego, "Land of Fire."

Magellan arrived in the Philippines many local people and their rulers to Catholicism. But the spirit also become corrupted. He became involved in tribal disputes and, with only 60 men, attacked about 1,500 indigenous people, with the belief that guns bows, old-fashioned guns, and God will ensure his victory. Instead, he and a number of his subordinates were killed. Magellan was about 41 years. Pigafetta loyal wailing, 'They killed reflection, lights, entertainers, and our true guide. " A few days later, about 27 officers who only watch from their ship, was killed by tribal leaders who previously friendly.


Because now the number of crew of the cruise is low, it is impossible to sail with three ships, so they drown the Concepción and sail with two ships are still living to their final destination, the Spice Islands. Then, after filling the charge with the spices, the two ships separated. However, the crew of the ship Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese and imprisoned.

However, Victoria, under the command of former rebel Juan Sebastián de Elcano, miss. While avoiding all the ports except one, they take risks Portuguese route around the Cape of Good Hope. However, without stopping to fill the supply is an expensive strategy. When they finally reached Spain on 6 September 1522-three years since their departure, only 18 men who are sick and helpless who survive. Even so, can not be denied that they were the first person to sail around the earth. Juan Sebastián de Elcano was a hero. What an amazing thing, the charge spice Victoria weighing 26 tons defray the costs of the entire expedition!

When a ship that survived, Victoria, returned to port after completing the journey around the world for the first time, only 18 men of 237 men who were on the ship in the early departure. Among survivors, there are two Italians, Antonio Pigafetta and Martino de Judicibus. Martino de Judicibus (Spanish: Martín de Judicibus) adalan people of Genoa [1] which acts as the Head Waiter. It works by Ferdinand Magellan on its historic journey to find a western route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. [2] The history of his trip immortalized in the registration of nominative in Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain. The family name is called with the proper Latin patronimik, namely: "de Judicibus". At first he was assigned to the Caravel Concepción, one of five Spanish fleet owned by Magellan. Martino de Judicibus start this expedition with the title of captain. (Read more in the book "History of Colonial Spanish in Indonesia" by David DS Lumoindong.


Before mastering the Philippine islands in 1543, Spain made the island of Manado Tua as a stopover to obtain fresh water. Of the island's Spanish ships entered the North-Sulawesi mainland by river Tondano. Spanish traveler relations with inland populations established through barter economy began in Uwuran (now city Amurang) alongside the river Rano I Apo. Barter trade of rice, resin, honey and other forest products with fish and salt.

Warehouse Coffee Manado and Minahasa be important for Spain, because the soil fertility and use Spanish for the planting Kofi originating from South-America to be marketed to mainland China. For that in-built Manado as a commercial center for the Chinese traders who market Kofi kedaratan China. Manado name included in the map of the world by experts the world map, Nicolas_Desliens, in 1541. Manado is also a public appeal by Kofi China as an export commodity inland communities of Manado and Minahasa. Pioneered the development of Chinese traders Kofi warehouse (now around the Market 45) which later became Chinatown and the settlement. The arrivals from mainland China mingle and assimilate with inland communities and to form a pluralistic society in Manado and Minahasa with derivatives Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch.

The appearance of the name of Manado in North Sulawesi with a variety of commercial activities carried Spain into Portugal since the appeal to establish its position in Ternate. For that approach send the Portuguese Catholic mission on the ground Manado and Minahasa in 1563 and developed a religious and Catholic education. Effect of race in the Celebes Sea Adu

Between Minahasa with Ternate, there are two small islands called Mayu and Tafure. Then the two islands were used as transit port by sailors Minahasa. At that time there is competition Portuguese and Spanish in which Spain won the two islands. Pandey Tombulu origin who became king on the island run by a fleet of boats back to the Minahasa, but because of the summer monsoon and then stranded in Gorontalo. Pandey boy named Potangka continue the journey and arrived at Ratahan. In Ratahan, he was appointed commander of the war because he was an expert shot guns and rifles to fight the Portuguese attacker from Mongondouw in the region. In 1563 the territory known Ratahan Ternate people with the name "Watasina" because when attacked by a fleet of Kora-kora menhalau Ternate to Spain from the region (the book "De Katholieken en hares Missie" written by AJ Van Aernsbergen). In 1570 Portuguese and Spanish conspired to kill the king of Ternate, so make a big fuss in Ternate. When that many Islamic traders fled to Ternate and Tidore Ratahan. Pirate attacks increased in Ratahan through Bentenan, pirates using the slaves as rowers. The captive slaves fled to the Ratahan pirates when night pirate boat fleet was damaged soldiers Ratahan - barely. Tentative conclusions can we draw from this story collection is the original inhabitants of this region is Touwuntu in lowland areas to the beach Toulumawak in the mountains, they are descendants Opok Soputan seventh century. Name OPO 'Soputan appears again as the head of the 16th century walak region with head walak Raliu brothers and Potangkuman. Residents of this region comes from the 16th century natives and newcomers from Tombulu, Tompakewa (Tontemboan), Tonsea, Ternate and pirates prisoner may from Sangihe.

Oki Queen in 1644 ranges up to 1683. At that time, there was a great war between the child Tombatu tribe (also commonly referred to Toundanow or Tonsawang) with the Spaniards. The war was triggered by the child's tribe Tombatu disaffection against the Spaniards who want to master the trade of commodities, especially rice, which is the result of the earth at that time the mainstay of residents. Besides, anger is also caused by the evil Spaniards against local residents, especially to his daughter. The war has resulted in the death of 40 Spanish soldiers in Kali and Stone (Stone Dimples location now - ed). Naasnya, on the child's tribe Tombatu, has resulted in the deaths Monde Commander with 9 people's armies. Commander Monde is none other than her husband Queen Oki. According to that told in the paper, the Commander Monde died after desperately defending his wife, Queen Oki.Menurut PA Gosal, et al., In the reign of Queen Oki, son of the tribe Toundanow (another name for the child's tribe or Tonsawang Tombatu) that inhabit the lake Bulilin live prosperous, secure and peaceful. "The wisdom and the wisdom to lead children Toudanow tribe then adopted as well as Queen Oki Tonaas or Balian. During kepemimpinnan Queen Oki, Spain and the Netherlands have never mastered or colonize Toundanow child, "

War of the Spanish opponent Minahasa

The crew of Spanish sailors lived in Minahasa and even blend in with society. They married women Minahasa, so that their descendants became brothers with indigenous residents.

In 1643 war broke out Minaesa States against the kingdom of Spain. in a battle in Tompaso, Spanish troops assisted the troops of King Loloda Mokoagouw II hit losers, the union backed by the combined forces Minaesa, chased up to the shore but

Year 1694 in a battle in Tompaso, the troops of King Loloda Mokoagouw II hit losers, the union backed by the combined forces of Minahasa, chased down to the beach but is prevented and mediated by the Resident VOC Herman Jansz Steynkuler. In the year 1694 September 21, was held peace agreement, and set the border is a river Poigar Minahasa. Minaesa States troops from occupied Tompaso New Tompaso, Rumoong settled in Rumoong Down, down Kawangkoan Kawangkoan inhabit, and so forth.


In pasa Dutch colonial rule the region will initially still autonomous but over time gradually reduced the powers of the king with the king to govern the appointment of the Netherlands, so that the king lives became the region-level officials 'district'....